Surprised by Doubt: How Disillusionment can Invite us to Deeper Faith
This is a really
good book. It has several problems, which I’ll discuss last, but if
you just skim book reviews, I want to make my point early on: this is
indeed a good book and can be used effectively with those wrestling
with doubt.
As you might
guess, the title is a take-off on C. S. Lewis’s Surprised byJoy. The similarities rise to more than just the title. The
authors quote Lewis frequently as they make their case for genuine
Christianity. Their writing style is warm and not overly
academic—also like Lewis’s. On balance the book is an invitation
to carefully rethink the issues that have provoked many moderns
toward skepticism, or even outright rejection, of the claims of the
Christian faith.
One thing that
adds to their credibility is that the authors themselves have
struggled with doubts about their own faith. Another is that they
honor questions and doubt without dismissing or belittling the
skeptic. Instead, they engage with the doubts. Another is their
humility: they freely admit they don’t have answers for all of the
questions. Carson and Chatraw make a case for mystery—that
unanswerable mystery should be expected when investigating a
sovereign God.
I’m thankful
that they are going after base hits, not home runs—they admit
repeatedly that they cannot prove the existence of God or the claims
of the faith. Instead they are building a “wager” that the
Christian explanation of reality is far more likely than alternative
explanations.
The principal
metaphor they employ for the Christian faith is that of a great house
with many rooms, each representing a different flavor of historic,
orthodox Christianity. Chatraw and Carson divide the book into three
sections: The Attic, Outside the House, and The Main Floor. The rooms
on the main floor all share the same load-bearing walls. The
load-bearing walls represent the unifying commonality of the
essentials of the orthodox faith. In other words, while each room
might differ on peripheral issues, if you’re on the main floor, you
are a legitimate, true Christian.
In Part 1, the
first five chapters of the book, Chatraw and Carson flesh out the
metaphor, saying that some people have moved up to the attic and
erected new walls consisting of peripheral issues that the attic
dwellers insist are load-bearing. These individuals tend to say, “if
you don’t have the same walls I do, you’re not really a
Christian.” Like most attics, the ceiling is not high, and these
Christians have adopted a stooped posture, unable to stand up
straight. That stooped posture skews how they see others and how they
read the Bible.
The authors
provide several examples of attic dwellers. Evangelicalism on the
left, with its nouveau catechisms of social justice and sexual/gender
doctrines gets a mention. Fundamentalism on the right, with its dogma
specifying the approved positions on culture (politics and political
parties, forms of entertainment, use of alcohol and tobacco) or
theology (eschatology, position on modern Israel, the ordinances,
church governance), occupies a large part of the authors’ concerns.
Some churches and fellowships (right and left) become vitriolic in
their insistence that all true believers must share their particular
distinctives.
The authors’
chief concern in the book is for believers who grew up in an “attic
church” and have reached a point of disillusionment in which they
are ready to jettison the faith because they see these questionable
and peripheral issues being confidently elevated as though they are
essentials alongside the actual Gospel.
In Part 2,
chapters six through nine, Chatraw and Carson encourage the reader to
examine closely the ground outside the house before jumping out of
the Attic window (the metaphor is escape, not suicide). Four
alternate philosophies are explored: the New Atheism, Optimistic
Skepticism, Open Spirituality, and Mythic Truth. Chatraw and Carson
drive the presumptions attached to each of these secular philosophies
to their logical conclusions, demonstrating that the ground outside
the house is not quite as inviting as it might first appear. Jumping
out the Attic window simply trades one set of problems for an even
worse set.
In Part 3,
chapters ten through sixteen, Chatraw and Carson invite the reader
to come down to the main floor and have a look around. “Now, as we
turn to explore the main floor of the Christian house, we are asking
a different question: Does Christianity offer a better foundation,
better explanatory power, and a better way to live than the [outside]
spaces we explored in part 2” [93]? They employ three perspectives:
C. S. Lewis’s device of “Looking at” and “Looking Through,”
to which they add “Stepping In.”
“Looking at”
is a serious exploration of the historical evidences of the
resurrection in chapter ten. What explanation provides the best
understanding of the claim that Jesus was raised from the dead:
Fraud? Hallucinations? Chatraw and Carson provide multiple reasons
why the claims of Jesus’ resurrection are best explained by His
actual, historic, physical resurrection.
Next, in chapter
eleven, the reader is asked to look at the Person in the Center—Jesus
Himself. Are the four gospels credible? Did they misrepresent Jesus?
What kind of man was He? The authors point out that the gospels
present Jesus as one who challenged and scandalized the orthodoxies
of His day, rather than one whose ministry was calculated to win wide
approval.
In chapter
twelve, we are invited to examine the load-bearing walls that are
absolutely essential to the integrity of the house over all. “This
brings us to the load-bearing walls of the Christian faith. Attic
Christianity mistakenly makes the house appear as though most of its
walls are load-bearing or at least integrally attached to the
load-bearing walls” [113]. The authors’ answer is to step back
and look at the historic creeds which have stood the test of time
over the centuries, such as the Apostles’ Creed. The Apostles’
Creed has been accepted by the Church at large as a legitimate
statement of faith for at least fifteen hundred years by believers in
different faith streams of Christianity. It provides common ground
for the Christian faith.
Moving to the
motif of “looking through,” in chapter thirteen the authors
explore Pascal’s critique of Descartes’ skeptical approach to
knowledge. In Pascal’s view, the human appreciation of and desire
for transcendent truth, beauty, and goodness is itself an argument
for God. Pascal’s “wager” is to “take all of the aspects of
human behavior into account, and ask this question: Where might true
joy be found” [131]?
Chapter fourteen
suggests that justice, human dignity, beauty, and meaning are all
markers “gesturing toward a profound and mysterious meaning”
[140]. In the authors’ words, “Christianity provides a window
that makes sense of the world, including human nature and our deepest
aspirations” [134]
The third
perspective, “Stepping in,” occupies chapters fifteen and
sixteen. Chatraw and Carson suggest that the skeptic “try”
Christianity. “If you’d like to believe in Christianity, but
don’t think you can, you might be going about things the wrong way.
It could be that you have been trying to control contingencies in
order to achieve a certain kind of certainty, your own two-plus-two
approach to the God question” [147]. They provide three reasons for
staying on the “main floor” rather than bolting through the
window:
There are good reasons to take
the core claims of Christianity seriously [149];
What other options do you have
[149]?
Since we can’t opt out of
formative practices altogether, the question becomes which practices
best form us for flourishing [151].
The chapter ends
with this hopeful sentence: “But the collective witness of his
people and the Scriptures is that those who humbly continue to seek
God will eventually find him” [153]. Chapter sixteen suggests the
spiritual practices the seeking skeptic should engage in: participate
in the sacred by observing birth, death, and marriage; commit to a
room on the main floor of the house that is serious about worship;
slow down and pray; meditate on Scripture; slow down to appreciate
the beauty of creation; and continue to look both at and along the
faith.
Though I believe
Surprised by Doubt is a helpful book to give someone who is
considering “deconverting” from the faith because of
disillusionment, I do have several concerns. For one, the authors
don’t consider the matter of recent creation to be one of the
load-bearing walls of the faith. It is presented as a (losing)
argument with science that contributes to the disillusionment of
doubting believers. But the doctrine of creation refuses to play
nice. Once you give ground on recent creation by accepting some
combination of theistic evolution or old-earth theories, you’ve
started pulling on a thread integrally connected to nearly every
major doctrine of Scripture. Besides, “science” is not speaking
with a unified voice on evolution and long ages: genuine empirical
science is calling into question major assumptions made by
evolutionists. “Received truth” like James Hutton’s principle
of uniformitarianism, the bedrock of evolutionary geology, is being
seriously challenged (even by secular geologists). Andrew Snelling’s
magisterial work Earth's Catastrophic Past Geology, Creation and
the Flood (two volumes) documents the modern scientific
discoveries that dispute doctrinaire evolutionism. Is the doctrine of
recent creation a load-bearing wall of the Gospel? Perhaps not, but
the loss of the doctrine throws a great deal of historic orthodoxy
into difficulty. Just like the authors were courageous to drive the
four secular philosophies to their logical conclusions, it might be
wise for them to do the same thing if one jettisons recent creation:
the resulting theological problems are daunting.
Like C. S.
Lewis, Chatraw and Carson also admit to the possibility of
universalism, as though the doctrine of eternal judgment is a
non-load-bearing wall. Despite the authors’ loyalty to historic
orthodoxy, apparently that’s a historic doctrine they have chosen
to overlook.
My final concern
has to do with their closing advice—engage in spiritual
disciplines. For readers who are genuinely regenerated but are
struggling with doubts, that is precisely the right advice. Their
re-immersion into spiritual disciplines will eventually have its
intended effect. But for readers who are disillusioned because
they’ve never truly been regenerated (in other words, to whom 1
John 2:19 applies), Chatraw’s and Carson’s advice sounds like
preparationism—a highly disputed practice in orthodox circles. In
their own words: “Without claiming a mechanistic and universal
demonstration of the truth of Christianity through these practices,
in this chapter we’ve been inviting you to wager on Christianity by
developing habits that allow you to step into its light. If there is
a God and Christianity is true, these practices are some of the means
of experiencing his grace” [160].
These problems
aside, I think this book can be greatly used of God for people who
are wrestling with doubts. The authors’ gentle tone and style, the
focus on the essentials, the easily understood metaphor, and the
excellent reasoning combine to make this a useful book. Four stars,
highly recommended.